With the rapid development of semiconductor and embedded system application technology, FPGA has been widely used in various industries, whether it is household appliances, smart toys, digital products, or communications, industrial automation, automotive electronics, medical equipment, etc. Not at all. Since the birth of the first FPGA in 1985, FPGA has passed more than 20 years, from the original integration of hundreds of gates to the current millions of gates, tens of millions of doors... from the original price of thousands of dollars Up to now, the ultra-low price of a few yuan has undergone earth-shaking changes, so now is the best time to learn FPGA. Whether it is the needs of society or the maturity of technology, it has reached an unprecedented height. Beginners can spend less time and master a new technology at the forefront, whether it is right or not. Employment is also of great significance and value to the future development.
Starting from the standpoint of beginners, this book provides a FPGS introductory learning platform for beginners to introduce the basic principles of FPGA, Verilog language and application design in a simple and easy way. But as a beginner of an FPGA, you must first understand the following questions: What is an FPGA? Why study FPGA? How to learn FPGA?
1. What is an FPGA?FPGA is the abbreviation of Field Programmable Gate Array, which is a field programmable gate array. It is a product of further development based on programmable devices such as PAL, GAL and CPLD. It emerged as a semi-custom circuit in the field of application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), which not only solves the shortcomings of the custom circuit, but also overcomes the shortcomings of the limited number of original programmable device gates.
The FPGA was invented by Ross Freema in 1985. At the time, the first FPGA used a 2μm process, containing 64 logic blocks and 85,000 transistors, and the number of gates was no more than 1000. At the time, the FPGA he created was considered to be unrealistic. Technology, his colleague Bill Carter once said: "This concept requires a lot of transistors, but at that time transistors are very precious things." So people think that Ross's ideas are too far from reality. But Ross predicts that according to Moore's Law (turning the transistor density every 18 months), transistors will certainly become cheaper and cheaper, so it will become an indispensable technology in the future. In just a few short years, as Ross predicted, there are billions of dollars in the field programmable gate array (FPGA) market. But unfortunately, he has been unable to enjoy the thriving scene of this party. Ross Freeman has been resigned in 1989, but its invention continues to promote the advancement and development of the electronics industry.
We know that the most basic units that make up a digital logic system are the AND gate, the OR gate, the NOT gate, etc., and the gate circuit is composed of components such as diodes, transistors, and resistors, and then the gate, the OR gate, and the NOT gate constitute each A trigger implements state memory. FPGAs are also part of digital logic circuits and are made up of the most basic components. An FPGA can integrate hundreds of millions of gates internally, breaking the history of using a large number of discrete devices to realize electronic devices. Not only is the circuit area and cost greatly reduced, but the reliability has been greatly improved.
Generally speaking, the FPGA is composed of the smallest physical logic unit LE, the wiring network, the input and output modules and the on-chip peripherals, and the smallest physical logic unit refers to the fixed minimum unit that the user cannot modify. The designer can only These units are connected by interconnecting wires and then implement specific functions. An LE is composed of a flip-flop, a LUT, and control logic, so that combinational logic and timing logic can also be implemented.
With the increasing integration of FPGAs, there are more and more internal on-chip peripherals. It can integrate peripherals such as SRAM, Flash, AD, RTC, etc., and truly complete the system design with a single-chip solution, so we understand the most FPGA. The bottom layer is composed of some real gates. Then the gates form the smallest physical logic unit, and then the minimum physical logic units are connected to the specific functions required by the user through the wiring layer. All we need to control is the wiring. The interconnection switches between the layers, which are also the objects we program, through which these functions are changed.
FGPA is mainly divided into two types according to the process: SRAM process and Flash process (the process is for their programming switches). The biggest disadvantage of FPGA based on SRAM process is that the power-down data will be lost and cannot be saved. Therefore, the system composed of FPGA, Externally, a configuration chip is needed to save the programming data. Each time the system is powered on, it needs to load the configuration data stream from the configuration chip into the FPGA before it can run normally. The advantage is that it is very flexible. The FPGA based on Flash architecture will not lose data after power-off, no need to configure the chip, it can run after power-on, its characteristics are very similar to ASIC, but it is more flexible than ASIC and can be reprogrammed. It can be seen that if the ASIC is replaced by an FPGA based on the Flash architecture, not only the risk is greatly reduced, but also the cost is greatly reduced.
2. Why study FPGA?FPGA has experienced a transition from supporting role to protagonist since its birth. FPGA is mainly used to replace complex logic circuits. Now emphasis on platform concept, when integrating digital signal processor, embedded processor, high-speed serial and other high-end technologies, Therefore, it has been applied to more fields. Because of its rapid development, more people who learn FPGAs have seen hope, and its broad prospect is one of the reasons for our choice.
(1) Broad development prospects
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