With the continuous development of wireless networks, multi-stream aggregation (MSA, MulTIple Stream AggregaTIon) can achieve 500% edge throughput improvement through deep integration of multi-standard, multi-carrier and multi-layer networks, realizing borderless networks. The concept enables users to enjoy high-speed and stable data access services regardless of their location on the network, and it will become the key technology for future network evolution.
The popularity of smart terminals and the rapid development of mobile broadband have led to explosive growth in mobile data services. The industry expects that global mobile data traffic will grow exponentially in the next decade, which will bring unprecedented impact to the current network.
Current network challenges
The current network is usually deployed in a single-layer network, that is, different radio access technologies (RATs, Radio Access Technology), such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, and Wi-Fi, which are independently deployed and managed, and through different core networks. The device accesses the network. At the same time, users can only transmit data with a single node in a RAT, resulting in insufficient utilization of radio resources, repeated investment in network infrastructure, and inability to further improve network capacity.
Although HetNet is a typical application scenario for improving network capacity, as the number of small stations increases, more and more “cell edges†will appear in the future, resulting in frequent handovers, increased handover failure rates, and edges. The phenomenon of lowering the throughput of users has become more and more prominent, and these have an impact on the user experience. Therefore, issues such as mobility, interference, and resource utilization are the main challenges facing the current network.
Mobility
With the intensive deployment of HetNet, the number of small stations is gradually increasing, frequent switching and ping-pong switching will continue to emerge. In general, the signal propagation characteristics of the small station and the macro station are different due to the low deployment position of the small station antenna. As the distance increases, the attenuation of the macro station signal is slower. After the small station is deployed, although the signal strength near the small station is obviously improved, as the distance from the small station increases, the signal will rapidly decay, and in serious cases, the user will drop the call.
In short, due to the fast-fading characteristics of the small-station channel and the interference caused by the introduction of the small station, the handover failure rate in the HetNet scenario is generally higher than that in the traditional isomorphic (only macro-deployment) scenario. The rate is especially noticeable when the user switches from a small station to a macro station.
If the small station is deployed within the coverage of the macro station, because of the co-channel interference of the macro station, the coverage of the small station will obviously shrink, that is, the closer the station is to the macro station, the smaller the coverage. . For example, if the small station is deployed at the edge of the macro station, its coverage can reach more than 100m; if the small station is deployed in the center of the macro station, its coverage can only reach tens of meters or even dozens of meters. In addition, because of the presence of co-channel interference, the throughput of users is also significantly reduced.
Resource utilization
In general, there are always differences in different business needs between macro stations and small stations at different times and geographical locations. In the traditional HetNet scenario, resources cannot be shared between different sites, resulting in insufficient resource utilization and different user experiences under different sites.
Because of its large coverage, macro stations can attract more users. Therefore, the load of the macro station may be heavier, which will result in lower throughput of users in the macro station, especially the edge users of the macro station. The macro station is far away, and at the same time it is interfered by the same frequency station, and its user throughput is lower. For small stations, because of the coverage constraints, the number of users that are attracted to them is small and the load is light, so the throughput of users in small stations is high. Therefore, the user experience under the macro station and the small station is obviously inconsistent.
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